:: wikimiki.org ::

The Boy Who Cried Wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf, also known as The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf, is a fable by Aesop. The protagonist of the fable is a bored shepherd boy who entertained himself by calling out "wolf". Nearby villagers who came to his rescue would find the alarm a false one. When the boy was actually confronted by a wolf, the villagers did not believe his warnings and his flock perished. The moral is stated at the end of the fable as: :Even when liars tell the truth, they are never believed. The English idiom "to cry wolf", derived from the fable, refers to the act of persistently raising the alarm about a non-existent threat, with the implication that the person who cried wolf would not be taken seriously should a real emergency take place. A radically different view of this story is presented in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Elim Garak, a Cardassian, avers that the moral of the story is not "do not tell lies" but rather "do not tell the same lie twice." A cynical interpretation is also possible: Do not lie too often, and do not tell lies just for fun. Save lies for when they are needed.

Fable

:For other uses of the term, see fable (disambiguation). In its strict sense a fable is a short story or folk tale embodying a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim. "Fable" comes from Latin fabula and shares a root with faber, "maker, artificer." Thus, though a fable may be conversational in tone, the understanding from the outset is that it is an invention, a fiction. A fable may be set in verse, though it is usually prose. In its pejorative sense, a fable is a deliberately invented or falsified account. A fable often, but not necessarily, makes metaphorical use of an animal as its central character. Medieval French fabliaux might feature Reynard the fox, a trickster figure, and offer a subtext that was mildly subversive of the feudal order of society. A familiar theme in Slavic fables is an encounter between a wily peasant and the Devil. In some usage, "fable" has been extended to include stories with mythical or legendary elements. The word fabulous strictly means "pertaining to fables", although in recent decades its metaphorical meanings have been taken to be literal meanings. An author of fables is called a fabulist.

History

Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis have been reported as having been among the first to invent comic fables.¹

Notable fabulists

- Aesop
- Vishnu Sarma
- Phaedrus
- Hyginus, author of Fabulae.
- Berechiah ha-Nakdan (Berechiah the Punctuator, Jewish author, 1200s).
- Marie de France
- Biernat of Lublin (Polish, 1465? – after 1529).
- Jean de La Fontaine
- Ignacy Krasicki (Polish, 1735 – 1801).
- Hans Christian Andersen
- Ivan Krylov
- "Uncle Remus" (Joel Chandler Harris)

Some modern fabulists

- George Ade
- James Thurber (1894-1961), Fables For Our Time.
- Damon Runyon
- Sholem Aleichem

Notable fables

- Stone Soup
- The Little Engine that Could
- Jonathan Livingston Seagull
- Watership Down
- The Lion King
- Emperor's New Clothes (fable)
- Fables and Parables by Ignacy Krasicki

References

- ¹ Philip Wentworth Buckham, Theatre of the Greeks, 1827.

External links

- [http://www.nickbostrom.com/fable/dragon.html The Dragon-Tyrant] Category:Fables ko:우화 ja:寓話

Protagonist

The protagonist is the central figure of a story, and is often referred to as a story's main character. The story follows and is chiefly concerned with the protagonist (or, sometimes, a small group of protagonists—see usage below). Often the story is told from the protagonist's point of view; even when not in first-person narrative, the protagonist's attitudes and actions are made clear to the reader or listener to a larger extent than for any other character. The protagonist is also characterized by his ability to change or evolve. Although a novel may center around the actions of another character, as in Herman Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener", it is the dynamic character that typically allows the novel to progress in a manner that is conducive to the thesis of the work and earns the respect or attention of the audience. The protagonist is, it should be pointed out, not always the hero of the story. Many authors have chosen to unfold a story from the point of view of a character who, while not central to the action of the story, is in a position to comment upon it. However, it is most common for the story to be "about" the protagonist; even if the protagonist's actions are not heroic, they are nonetheless usually vital to the progress of the story. Neither should the protagonist be confused with the narrator; they may be the same, but even a first-person narrator need not be the protagonist. As they may simply be recalling the event while not living through it as the audience is. The protagonist is often faced with a "foil"; that is, a character known as the antagonist who most represents or creates obstacles that the protagonist must overcome. As with protagonists, there may be more than one antagonist in a story. Sometimes, a work will initially highlight a particular character, as though they were the protagonist, and then unexpectedly dispose of that character as a dramatic device. Such a character is called a false protagonist. Protagonists with interesting names include Hiro Protagonist, the primary character in Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, and John Proctor in Arthur Miller's The Crucible.

Usage

Protagonist or protagonists

In an ancient Greek drama, the protagonist was the leading actor and as such there could only be one protagonist in a play. However the word has been used in the plural to mean 'important actors' or 'principal characters' since at least 1671 when John Dryden wrote "Tis charg'd upon me that I make debauch'd persons... my protagonists, or the chief persons of the drama" [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=protagonist].

Protagonist as proponent

The use of 'protagonist' in place of 'proponent' has become common in the 20th century and may have been influenced by a misconception that the first syllable of the word represents the prefix pro- (ie. 'favoring'). For example, usage such as "He was an early protagonist of nuclear power" can be replaced by 'advocate' or 'proponent' [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=protagonist].

Protagonist in Psychodrama

In Psychodrama, 'Protagonist' is the person (group member, patient or client) who decides to enact some significant aspect of his life, experiences or relationships on stage with the help of the Psychodrama Director and other group members, taking supplementary roles as Auxiliary Egos.

Wolf

: The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), known in Europe as the Grey Wolf, is a mammal of the Canidae family. Although there are different species with "wolf" in its name, the Gray Wolf is the most common understanding of "wolf" in the English language. Depending on researcher, the wolf either shares a common ancestry with, or is a member of, the same species as the domestic dog (Canis familiaris or C. lupus familiaris). Wolves once had a nearly worldwide range, but are now limited primarily to North America, Eurasia, and the Middle East. The habitat of wolves include forests, tundra, taigas, plains, and mountains. In the Northern Hemisphere, human habitat destruction and hunting have drastically reduced their range. The wolf is frequently involved in conflicts between competing interests: tourism versus industry, city versus country, as well as conservationism versus urban development. Since the wolf is an apex predator, its state usually depends on the state of its habitat. Wolves are still endangered after being hunted to near extinction in many parts of the world in the 17th century. Carolus Linnaeus gave the wolf the scientific name Canis lupus in the 18th century.

Anatomy

18th century The wolf's anatomy differs from the dog's in several ways. The wolf usually has golden-yellow eyes, longer legs, larger paws, more-pronounced jaws, a longer muzzle, and a brain that is typically 30 percent larger than that of a dog. Also noticeable is a pre-caudal gland on the over side of the tail, close to the base, that is not present on dogs. Wolves are also distinguished from dogs by characteristics of the skull, particularly the orbital angle, which is the angle formed between lines drawn across the top and side of the skull at the eye socket. This angle is larger (53 degrees or more) in dogs, and smaller (45 degrees or less) in wolves. Lastly, while the elbows of many dogs stick more out to the sides of their bodies, the elbows of a wolf point inwards towards their stomach, almost touching. This allows wolves to run at speeds of 8 kilometers per hour (km/h) (5 miles per hour) (mph) for hours on end. A wolf often seems more massive than a dog of comparable weight due to the extra bulk of the coat. The coat is built up of two layers, with hard guard hairs to repel water and dirt and a thick, woolly undercoat to keep the animal warm. The wolf changes coat two times a year, in spring and autumn. Females tend to keep the winter coat further into the spring than males. Wolves and most larger dogs share the same tooth configuration: The upper jaw has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and four molars. The bottom jaw has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and six molars. The canine teeth are by far most important, as they are used to catch and hold prey. One common reason that wolves starve is due to tooth damage after suffering a kick by larger prey. Wolves stand approximately 0.66–0.8 meters (26–32 in) at the shoulder and weigh 25–52 kilograms (55–115 lb, with extremes being 195 pounds [88 kg]). Females are about twenty percent smaller than males. They measure 1–1.5 meters (40–58 in) long, with the tail consisting roughly a third of their body length (0.67–0.5 meter, 26–20 in). The body of the wolf is built for long-distance running, with a rather thin chest and powerful back and leg muscles which allow them to run at 72 km/h (45 mph) with strides of up to sixteen feet. Wolves can also travel over great distances, and their wide paws ensure deep snow hampers them less than their prey. Coloration runs from gray to gray-brown but can vary through the canine spectrum of white, red, brown, and black.A wolf's coat usually lacks any clear patterns save for markings around the eyes. Fur colors often mimic the colors of a wolf's surroundings; for example, in regions where there is continual snowfall, white wolves are far more common. Aging wolves acquire a grayish tint in their coat.

Social structure

Packs

snow Wolves function as social predators and hunt in packs organized according to a strict social hierarchy and led by an alpha male and alpha female. This social structure was originally thought to allow the wolf to take prey many times its size. However, emerging new theories suggest the pack strategy has less to do with hunting than with reproductive success. The size of the pack may change over time and is controlled by several factors, including habitat, personalities of individual wolves within a pack, and food supply. Packs can contain between two and 20 wolves, though an average pack consists of six or seven. The hierarchy of the pack is relatively strict, with the alphas at the top and the omega at the bottom. The hierarchy affects all activity in the pack, from which wolf eats first to which is allowed to breed (generally only the alpha pair). New packs are formed when a wolf leaves its birth pack and claims a territory. Wolves searching for other wolves with which to form packs can travel very long distances in search of suitable territories. Dispersing individuals must avoid the territories of other wolves because intruders on "owned" territories are chased away or killed. This possibly explains wolf "predation" of dogs. Most dogs, except perhaps large, specially bred attack dogs, do not have much of a chance against a wolf protecting its territory from the unwanted intrusion.

Rank order

The alpha pair has the most social freedom of all the animals in a pack, but they are not "leaders" in the sense humans usually think of the term. They do not give the other wolves orders; the alphas simply have the most liberty to choose where they would like to go and what they would like to do, and the rest of the pack usually follows. In larger packs, there may be betas, a second in command to the alphas, and the omegas, the lowest-ranking member of the pack. While most alpha pairs are monogamous with each other, there are exceptions. An alpha animal may preferentially mate with a lower-ranking animal, especially if the other alpha is closely related (a brother or sister, for example). The death of one alpha does not affect the status of the other alpha, who will usually take another mate. Usually, only the alpha pair is able to successfully rear a litter of pups. (Other wolves in a pack may breed, and may even produce pups, but usually they lack the freedom or the resources to raise the pups to maturity.) All the wolves in the pack assist in raising wolf pups. Some pups may choose to stay in the original pack to reinforce it and help rear more pups while others disperse. Rank order is established and maintained through a series of ritualized fights and posturing best described as ritual bluffing. Wolves prefer psychological warfare to actual fighting, and high-ranking status is based more on personality or attitude than on size or physical strength. Rank, who holds it, and how it is enforced varies widely between packs and between individual animals. In large packs full of easygoing wolves, or in a group of juvenile wolves, rank order may shift almost constantly, or even be circular (e.g., animal A dominates animal B, who dominates animal C, who dominates animal A). Loss of rank can happen gradually or suddenly. An older wolf may simply choose to give way when an ambitious challenger presents itself, and rank will shift without bloodshed. On the other hand, the older animal may choose to fight back, with varying degrees of intensity. While an extremely high percentage of wolf aggression is non-damaging and ritualized, a high-stakes fight can result in injury. The loser of such a damaging fight is frequently chased away from the pack or, rarely, may be killed as other aggressively aroused wolves attempt to join in. This kind of dominance fight is more common in the winter months, when mating occurs.

Body language

injury injury Wolves communicate not only by sound (such as yipping, growling, and howling), but also by body language. This ranges from subtle signals–such as a slight shift in weight–to the obvious, like rolling on the back as a sign of submission.
- Dominance – A dominant wolf stands stiff legged and tall. The ears are erect and forward, and the hackles bristle slightly. Often the tail is held vertical and curled toward the back. This display shows the wolf's rank to all others in the pack. A dominant lupine may stare penetratingly at a submissive one, pin the other to the ground, or even stand on its hind legs.
- Submission (active) – In active submission, the entire body is lowered, and the lips and ears are drawn back. Sometimes active submission is accompanied by a rapid thrusting out of the tongue and lowering of the hindquarters. The tail is placed down, or halfway or fully between the legs, and the muzzle often points up to the more dominant animal. The back may be partially arched as the submissive wolf humbles itself to its superior. (A more arched back and more tucked tail indicate a greater level of submission.)
- Submission (passive) – Passive submission is more intense than active submission. The wolf rolls on its back and exposes its vulnerable throat and underside. The paws are drawn into the body. This is often accompanied by whimpering.
- Anger – An angry lupine's ears are erect, and its fur bristles. The lips may curl up or pull back, and the incisors are displayed. The wolf may also snarl.
- Fear – A frightened wolf tries to make its body look small and therefore less conspicuous. The ears flatten down against the head, and the tail may be tucked between the legs, as with a submissive wolf. There may also be whimpering or barks of fear, and the wolf may arch its back.
- Defensive – A defensive wolf flattens its ears against its head.
- Aggression – An aggressive wolf snarls and its fur bristles. The wolf may crouch, ready to attack if necessary.
- Suspicion – Pulling back of the ears shows a lupine is suspicious. In addition, the wolf narrows its eyes. The tail of a wolf that senses danger points straight out, parallel to the ground.
- Relaxedness – A relaxed wolf's tail points straight down, and the wolf may rest sphinxlike or on its side. The wolf's tail may also wag. The further down the tail droops, the more relaxed the wolf is.
- Tension – An aroused wolf's tail points straight out, and the wolf may crouch as if ready to spring.
- Happiness – As dogs do, a lupine may wag its tail if it is in a joyful mood. The tongue may loll out of the mouth.
- Hunting – A wolf that is hunting is tensed, and therefore the tail is horizontal and straight.
- Playfulness – A playful lupine holds its tail high and wags it. The wolf may frolic and dance around, or bow by placing the front of its body down to the ground, while holding the rear high, sometimes wagged. This is reminiscent of the playful behavior executed in domestic dogs.

Howling

frolic Wolves are noted for their distinctive howl. There are several possible reasons for the howling. It can be said at the outset that wolves do not howl when attacking their prey. In fact, it has been shown that prey animals do not even react to the sound. Perhaps they simply fail to make the connection between noise and predator. The most obvious reason for wolves to howl is to keep in touch; it is difficult to think of a better way for a lupine pack to communicate in a thickly forested area or over great distances. Howls are also employed to summon pack members to a location. However, howling also occurs when a pack is together, so there must be some other purpose. Observations of wolf packs suggest that howling often occurs at summer sunsets preceding the adults' departure to the hunt. This is repeated when they return at sunup. Some scientists speculate that these group howling sessions strengthen the wolves' social bonds and comradeship—similar to community singing among humans. Howling may also be a form of territorial advertisement and declaration. Studies have shown that the dominant animals in a pack are more likely to answer a human imitation of a "rival" pack when residing in an area that is indisputably theirs. Wolves howl more frequently in the evening and the early morning, especially during winter and spring breeding and pup rearing. The pups themselves, however, towards the end of July and on into the next two months, are a different matter entirely. They howl at the least provocation and stimulus. This may be because the adults often leave them at a "rendezvous site" to go off hunting. Their loneliness may cause them to try to make contact with what they interpret to be a returning pack member. Wolves also howl when they have something to protect, such as a fresh kill. When they wish to avoid conflict with other packs, they howl less frequently.

Hunting

The wolf is a carnivore. Packs of wolves hunt any large herbivores in their range, while lone wolves are more prone to consume smaller animals. The hunting methods range from surprise attacks to long-lasting chases. Through the cooperation of a pack, wolves are able to pursue large prey for several hours before relenting, but the success rate is rather low. Solitary wolves catch small animals by pouncing and pinning them to the ground with their front paws, a technique also exhibited by foxes and coyotes. Wolves' diets include but are not limited to large mammals such as elk, caribou, moose and deer; they also prey on beavers, hares, rodents, and other small animals. A wolf needs between three and ten pounds (1.35 to 4.5 kg) of meat per day to survive, but as a wolf may not get a chance to eat every day, they can eat up to twenty pounds (9 kg) of meat in a sitting. When attacking, wolves generally target the neck, throat, and sides of an animal. Wolf packs mostly kill and feast on the weak, elderly, and sick animals, since large, healthy mammals can and will fight against wolves possibly injuring and even killing a great many wolves. In one study, less than 1 out of 10 chases of moose resulted in a successful kill. Wolves also have a scent masking instinct whereby they roll in decomposing carcasses or scat. The same behavior can occasionally be seen in their domesticated counterparts as well.

Reproduction and mortality

scat Normally, only the alpha pair of the pack breeds. This kind of organization also occurs in other pack-hunting canids, such as the Dhole and the African Hunting Dog. Mating usually occurs in February to May, and wolves, unlike dogs, only mate once a year. Another interesting fact about the social economy of wolves is that they are usually monogamous: the alpha pair will ordinarily mate exclusively with each other so long as they both remain alphas. There are times when one of the alphas will attempt to mate with a subordinate wolf, and if the other alpha is unable to prevent it, multiple litters can be born. This has been documented in Yellowstone, among other places, and usually occurs in large packs with plenty of available prey. The gestation period is 60 to 63 days, and the pups are born blind and completely dependent on their mother. There are 1–14 pups per litter, with the average litter size being 6 or 7 pups. Pups reside in the den in which they are born until they reach 8–10 weeks of age. The mother usually stays with her litter alone for the first 3 weeks, but all members of the pack eventually help rear the pups. Pups consume food regurgitated by older wolves until they are 45 days old. They are fed meat provided by pack members after that age. Wolf pups reach sexual maturity at 2 years for females, and 3 years for males. Most wolves leave their birth pack when they are 1–3 years old. Wolves typically live 6–9 years in the wilderness, although in captivity they live 16 years on average. The record lifespan of a wolf is about 20 years of age. However, the mean age of wolves is rather low. The mortality among pups is high, and few survive the first winter. The most significant mortality factors for grown wolves are hunting and poaching by humans, car accidents, and wounds from hunting prey. Wolves are suceptible to the same infections that affect domestic dogs, such as mange, heartworm, rabies and canine distemper, and such diseases can become epidemic, drastically reducing the wolf population in an area. Wolves readily adjust to fluctuations in prey populations, so mass starvation is unusual. Wolves are able to sustain their population under a heavy pressure, as long as the alpha pairs survive.

Human attitudes towards wolves

starvation The relationship between people and wolves has had a very long and turbulent history. Historically, humans have often viewed wolves as a great danger or as a nuisance to be destroyed. An opposing view, held by most biologists and naturalists, postulates that wolves form a valuable part of the ecosystem by hunting down animals such as deer—whose population would grow out of control if it were not for wolves—and require protection. Often, these views occur simultaneously and cause conflicts among differing groups of people, as one sees when a wildlife service or organization attempts to preserve endangered wolves or to reintroduce wolves to a habitat, like the rare and almost extinct Red Wolf.

Changing attitudes

In the late 20th century, an increased awareness of the beneficial nature of wolves arose, encouraged by books like Never Cry Wolf by Farley Mowat and nature documentaries as well as by classification of the species as endangered. Accordingly, while the stereotype of wolves still has influence, a significant portion of the public has gained a positive opinion of wolves as interesting, valuable, and even noble animals. Thus, parks with a visible wolf population have often become popular tourist attractions. For instance, visitation to Yellowstone National Park has shown an increase partially due to the wolf reintroduction program and the hope of spotting a wolf. Yellowstone National Park Such organizations as the International Wolf Center and Mission: Wolf attempt to educate people about the true nature of wolves, and such action proves helpful to the reintroduction process, especially in places such as Yellowstone National Park. In other parks, tourists often participate in wolf howls, trying to produce wolflike howls in hopes that the resident wolves will answer. In fact, some nature lovers have complained that this popularity has drawbacks, since tourists sometimes intrude into wolf habitats and disturb them. The large amount of research done on the wolf in the past half century has also helped to educate people and make them realize how sociologically similar humans are to wolves, and how they have nothing to fear from these shy, majestic animals. Biologists such as L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani have been major leaders in wolf research. Nature documentaries have also played a role in changing attitudes. For instance, the film evidence of the wolf being a very social animal and devoted parent to its young enlightened and charmed many viewers to a softer side of the feared predator.

Reintroduction

In the United States, wolves are repopulating where they were eradicated, and numbers have been increasing in Alaska and Minnesota, where some packs remained in the deep forests despite bounty hunting and other past eradication efforts. Not only are they slowly but surely coming back naturally from Canada, they are also being successfully reintroduced in some states such as Idaho and Wyoming. It is curious to note that some ranchers prefer reintroduction, as they can kill wolves that eat their livestock and get reimbursement for their losses, while wild animals are protected by law. In fact, wolf reintroduction was pushed hard by the U.S. Government, primarily by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which oversees threatened and endangered species within the United States. This includes several studies looking into the feasibility of reintroducing the wolf in places farther east, in areas like Adirondack State Park in New York and certain areas of Maine. Maine Recent studies have shown that the wolf would have enjoyed greater protection had it been allowed to repopulate areas on its own without human intervention. Reports by wildlife biologists working for the National Park Service who stated that they had seen, though rarely, wolves in Yellowstone National Park, and had photographic proof of their limited presence prior to the "reintroduction", were essentially suppressed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Where wolves are reintroduced after a long absence, it has a marked influence on the coyote population. As they started to fill in the niche of the top predator, they started to grow larger. With the return of the wolf, these bigger coyotes are forced to return to their previous niche, or face attacks from wolves. In Sweden, there is a long and ongoing conflict between some groups who claim that the wolf has no place in nature, and that it has been reintroduced by the Swedish government with some sort of secret agenda. The opponents are generally the rural working class who fear competition for Roe Deer and moose; they consider the wolf to be a foreign element, much like immigrants. It has been argued that modern Scandinavian wolves are recent arrivals from Russia, not the remnants of the old wolf tribes. In spite of the fact that attacks on people are virtually nonexistent historically, and hundreds of dogs are killed each year in hunting accidents, the wolves' possible threat to dogs and people is often cited by these people as a strong argument against the wolf's right to exist in Swedish forests. In Norway the situation is further complicated, since sheep farmers use the forests as pasture for their animals during summer. It is difficult to hinder the wolves from preying on the sheep, and in areas were the wolf has been reintroduced many farmers have quit. Generally, the urban population is most positive to the wolf, while people actually living in the designated "wolf zones" are far more skeptical. The situation is similar in Finland, where the number of wolves has been increasing over the past decades. Reindeer farmers in Lapland are affected by the increase, and other parts of the population wish to lift bans on wolf hunting. There is an ongoing controversy, since regulations of the EU may make this impossible. EU

Wolves in religion and folklore

In many ancient myths, the wolf was portrayed as brave, honorable, and intelligent. The best examples of these myths can be seen in those of the Native Americans. The wolf was also the revered totem animal of Ancient Rome (see Romulus and Remus and Lupercalia). The gray wolf is also the focal point of Pan-Turkism and related mythology. In Proto-Indo-European society, the wolf was probably associated with the warrior class, and the term was subject to taboo deformation, the Latin lupus being an example of a mutated form of the original Proto-Indo-European
- wlkwos. Many Germanic personal names used to include "wolf" as an element (e.g., Wulfstan). In more modern western folklore, the wolf is a creature to be feared. The iconic examples of this image are the Big Bad Wolf and the werewolf—a human that transforms into a wolf through magic or a curse, one that is shunned and reviled in regular society. Norse mythology prominently includes three malevolent wolves: the giant Fenrisulfr, eldest child of Loki and the giantess Angrboda, (who was feared and hated by the Æsir); and Fenrisulfr's children Skoll and Hati, who will devour the sun and moon at Ragnarok. Human fear of the wolf is responsible for most of the trouble the species has received, and the reason it was nearly hunted out of existence. However, in the 20th century, with the new knowledge of wolves and the growing respect for Native American folklore, the animal has been generally depicted much more positively. Despite their often negative image, wolves have variously been credited, in mythology, fiction and reality, with adopting, nursing, and raising human feral children, the most famous examples being Romulus and Remus and Mowgli of The Jungle Book. In Mongolian mythology, the Mongols believe that they are descended from a male Gray Wolf and a white doe. The Mongols' greatest hero Genghis Khan called his people 'Clan of the Gray Wolf'. There has been no documented proof in the past 150 years that any wild, healthy wolf has killed a human; wolves are more likely to flee than to attack. However, some sources claim to have documented attacks, but in those cases, it is likely that the attacking wolves were suffering rabies, which is common in the areas in which the attacks occurred. In general, it is considered dangerous to approach or provoke wolves, as they are wild animals that will defend themselves if they feel threatened. Interfering in their territories is an offense to them, and this is why farmers and people living near the forest should be cautious.

Wolf hunting

:See also: Wolf hunting Wolves are hunted for their pelt, recreation, and population control.
Livestock predation
As long as there are enough prey, wolves seem to avoid taking livestock. However, some "problem animals" can specialize in hunting livestock. Sheep are frequently the most vulnerable, while horses and cattle are at less of a risk. Wolf-secure fences and the relocation of wolves are today the only known methods to effectively stop livestock predation. Over several centuries in some countries, shepherds and dog breeders have used selective breeding to "create" large livestock-guarding dogs that can stand up to wolves preying on flocks. In the United States, as the timber wolf has been reintroduced, the USDA has been looking into the use of breeds such as the Akbash from Turkey, the Maremma from Italy, the Great Pyrenees from France and the Kuvasz from Hungary, among others. Some ranchers in the United States hunt wolves from helicopters or light planes, some of them calling it an effective method of controlling wolf numbers, others calling it a sport. This practice is seen as highly controversial. Poisons have been used to kill wolves during the extermination campaigns in Europe and America. Today, most of the hunting is done on the ground or from helicopters. Other, non- or less-lethal methods of protecting livestock from wolves have been under development for the past decade. Such methods include rubber ammunition, and use of guard animals. rubber
Trapping and breeding for fur
Wolves are frequently trapped, in the areas where it is legal, using snares or leg-hold traps. The economic value of wolf pelts is limited, so it is mainly a recreation activity. Wolf trapping has come under heavy fire from animal rights groups, who also use it to attack other forms of trapping and hunting. It is alleged that trapping, using the right tools and equipment, can be considered as humane as hunting; however, unskilled trappers can create unnecessary suffering in animals. Wolves are bred for their fur in very few locations, as they are considered as a rather problematic animal to breed, and combined with the low value of the pelt, it has driven most of the fur farms to change to utilizing other animals, such as the fox. Leghold traps are an important tool used by wildlife biologists who use the traps to catch wolves, fit them with collars holding radio transmitters, and check their health before releasing the wolves. Use of such radio collars enable biologists in airplanes to track the wolves and count pack sizes. The radio telemetry is an important component in the suite of tools used in Wisconsin to calculate the overall wolf population.
Taxonomy

Classification and relation to the dog
Much debate has occurred over the relationship between the wolf and the domestic dog. Most authorities see the wolf as the dog's direct ancestor, but others have postulated descent from the Golden Jackal. Because the canids have evolved recently and different canids interbreed readily, untangling the true relationships has presented difficulties. However, molecular systematics now indicate very strongly that domestic dogs and wolves are more closely related than either is to any other canid, and the domestic dog is now normally classified as a subspecies of the wolf: Canis lupus familiaris. The classification of wolves and closely allied creatures offers many challenges. Although taxonomists have proposed many species over the years, most types clearly do not comprise true species. Indeed, only a single wolf species may exist. Scientists have proposed a host of subspecies. Many of these seem unlikely to stand. Further taxonomic clarification may well take decades.
Subspecies of the wolf
subspecies subspecies The subspecies for the Gray Wolf has been a very controversial issue among taxonomists. It was once believed there were as many as 50 separate subspecies. However, the last decade has seen a new and widely accepted list that has been condensed to 13 living subspecies, and 2 recently extinct subspecies. This takes into account the anatomy, distribution, and migration of various wolf colonies.
- Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
- Tundra Wolf (Canis lupus albus) - Northern Russia
- Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) - Arabian Peninsular
- Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos) - Canadian Arctic islands and Greenland
- Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) - Reintroduced into Arizona
- Russian Wolf (Canis lupus communis) - Central Russia
- Caspian Sea Wolf (Canis lupus cubanensis) - Russia, between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea
- Hokkaido Wolf (Canis lupus hattai) - North Japan. Extinct
- Honshu Wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax) - South Japan. Extinct
- Italian Wolf (Canis lupus italicus) - Italian Apennines
- Egyptian Wolf (Canis lupus lupaster) - North Egypt and North East Libya. Previously mistaken for golden jackals
- Eurasian Wolf (Canis lupus lupus) - from China, Mongolia, Russia and Eastern Europe to Germany, Spain and Portugal
- Eastern Timber Wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) - South East Canada.
- Great Plains Wolf (Canis lupus nubilus) - Far West and Eastern Canada, North East USA.
- Mackenzie Valley Wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis) - Western Canada, Alaska, and reintroduced into North West USA.
- Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) - From India to the Middle East
Media

See also

- Maned Wolf
- Tasmanian wolf
- Werewolf
- Wiktionary:Wolf Three other extant canid species also known as wolves:
- Red Wolf
- Eastern Canadian Wolf
- Ethiopian Wolf Extinct species of wolf:
- Dire Wolf
References
# [http://www.ualberta.ca/~jzgurski/wwolf.html Wolves]. What is a wolf? URL accessed on August 18, 2005. # # # # # # # # # # # # Fred H. Harrington. "[http://www.example.com NOVA Online]." What's in a Howl? Accessed on August 21, 2005. # # # # # #
External links

- [http://www.sinapu.org/Pages/Wolf/Wolf_Main.htm Sinapu]
- [http://www.wolf.org/wolves/index.asp International Wolf Center]
- [http://www.missionwolf.com/ Mission: Wolf]
- [http://www.canids.org/SPPACCTS/greywolf.htm Canids.org]
- [http://www.wolfpark.org Wolf Park]
- [http://www.iberianature.com/material/wolf.html The Iberian Wolf] Category:Wolves ko:늑대 ja:オオカミ

Moral

:This article is about the use of the moral in children's literature. For other uses of the word "moral", see morality. A moral is a one sentence remark made at the end of many children's stories that expresses the intended meaning, or the moral message, of the tale. For example, at the end of Aesop's fable about the tortoise and the hare, in which the plodding and determined tortoise wins a race against the much-faster yet extremely arrogant hare, the moral is "slow and steady wins the race." Morals have long been included in children's literature, perhaps because many of the stories written for children have been written for the purpose of teaching and guiding children, as opposed to entertaining them. Many morals are even introduced with the phrase, "The moral of the story is..." to emphasize to the reader what the point of the episode was. Morals have grown increasingly out of fashion in modern storytelling, and are now usually only included for ironic purposes. Category:Literature

Idiom

An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not compositional—that is, whose meaning does not follow from the meaning of the individual words of which it is composed. For example, the English phrase to kick the bucket means to die. A listener knowing the meaning of kick and bucket will not thereby be able to predict that the expression can mean to die. Idioms are often, though perhaps not universally, classified as figures of speech. Idioms typically admit two different interpretations: a literal one and a nonliteral (or figurative) one. Continuing with the previous example, the phrase to kick the bucket can, in fact, refer to the act of giving a kick to a bucket, but this interpretation is usually not the intended one when a native speaker uses the phrase. This aspect of idioms can be frustrating for students of a new language. Idioms are often colloquial metaphors. The most common ones can have deep roots, traceable across many languages. Many have translations in other languages, some of which are direct. For example, get lost! — which means go away or stop bothering me—is said to be a direct translation or calque from an older Yiddish idiom. While many idioms are clearly based in conceptual metaphors such as "time as a substance", "time as a path", "love as war" or "up is more", the idioms themselves are often not particularly essential, even when the metaphors themselves are. For example "spend time", "battle of the sexes", and "back in the day" are idiomatic and based in essential metaphors, but one can communicate perfectly well without them. In forms like "profits are up", the metaphor is carried by "up" itself. The phrase "profits are up" is not itself an idiom. Practically anything measurable can be used in place of "profits": "crime is up", "satisfaction is up", "complaints are up" etc. Truly essential idioms generally involve prepositions, for example "out of" or "turn into".

Common features

- Non-compositionality: The meaning of a collocation is not a straightforward composition of the meaning of its parts. For example, the meaning of kick the bucket has nothing to do with kicking buckets. (Kick the bucket means to die.)
- Non-substitutability: We cannot substitute a word in a collocation with a related word. For example, we cannot say kick the pail instead of kick the bucket although both bucket and pail are synonyms.
- Non-modifiability: We cannot modify a collocation or apply syntactic transformations. For example, John kicked the green bucket or the bucket was kicked has nothing to do with dying. It is likely that every human language has idioms, and very many of them; a typical English commercial idiom dictionary lists about 4,000. When a local dialect of a language contains many highly developed idioms it can be unintelligible to speakers of the parent language; a classic example is that of Cockney rhyming slang. But note that most examples of slang, jargon and catch phrases, while related to idioms, are not idioms in the sense discussed here. Also to be distinguished from idioms are proverbs, which take the form of statements such as, "He who hesitates is lost." Many idioms could be considered colloquialisms. In Spanish, the word idioma (= lengua) means language, and this is often reflected in their SL English—using idiom to refer to language.

Parlance

Parlance is a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language.

External links

- [http://www.goenglish.com Learn "Today's English Idioms" at GoEnglish.com]
- [http://www.eslcafe.com/idioms/ Idiom page at Dave's ESL Café]
- [http://www.briggs13.fsnet.co.uk/idiomslist.htm List of idioms by James Briggs]
- [http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj/quizzes/idioms.html Self-study Idiom Quiz by The Internet TESL Journal]
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~genepool/amerispeak.htm Amerispeak - expressions of our American ancestors]
- Idioms Quizzes - [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2228&CurriculumID=16 Idioms Quiz 1] [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2283&CurriculumID=16 Idioms Quiz 2] [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2262&CurriculumID=16 Idioms Quiz 3] [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/showCurriculum.php?curriculumID=16 More Quizzes]
- [http://www.globalenglishsalon.com/idioms.htm Idiom Examples] Listen to idioms and learn the meaning of idioms.
- [http://www.whatdoesthatmean.com/ What Does That Mean?] A wiki based lexicon of English idioms. Category:Linguistics ja:慣用句 simple:Idiom

Garak

Elim Garak was a character in the fictional Star Trek: Deep Space Nine universe, played by Andrew Robinson. He was technically classified as a recurring character but many fans considered him to be a regular given his importance to the story arc and his presence in many episodes. Through the development of the character, viewers of the series became more familiar with the Cardassians, making them less of a stereotypical "villainous species" and more an accumulation of individuals with distinct personalities. Like many other Star Trek characters, Garak has a complicated good/evil duality. Although he is portrayed initially as a deceitful, unprincipled Machiavellian capable of torture and murder, he eventually becomes one of the series' heroes.

Formative Years

Elim Garak was born on Cardassia Prime to parents Enabran Tain and Mila. He was raised by his mother Mila and did not know the true identity of his father until much later on. A quick learner and an excellent student, Garak attended the prestigious military training school of Bamarren as a child. Most of the skills and traits associated with Garak can be said to have been picked up at Bamarren. He rose through the ranks and gained the respect of his peers and teachers, though he was ultimately betrayed by his one true love, Palandine. These events were formative to his character and general disposition. Garak was often punished as a child by being locked in a cupboard. It is believed this is the root of his later claustrophobia. After Bamarren, Garak began his career at the Obsidian Order, one of the premiere intelligence agencies of the Alpha Quadrant. Always a quick learner, he proved exceptional at his job and rapidly increased in rank and influence, becoming the right hand man of Enabran Tain, head of the Obsidian Order.

Exile

At the peak of his power and career, Garak was perceived to have succumbed to sentimentality and tried to meet with Palandine. He was caught and, because of his family's important role in Cardassian society, was exiled from Cardassia Prime. He chose to locate to Deep Space 9, then still Cardassian and called Terok Nor. During the withdrawal of Bajor by the Cardassians, Garak was deceived and left to the mercy of the Bajorans. He soon after tried in vain to win the favour of his government by spying on the Bajor-Federation negotiations. Garak has since made use of his extensive knowledge and abilities in aiding the Federation on numerous occasions. On Deep Space 9, Garak went into business as a tailor. Several other characters suspected that his tailor's shop was a mere front and he was still working for the Obsidian Order. Garak denied having ever been involved with espionage, claiming he was just "plain, simple Garak" and that his difficulties with the Cardassian government were a result of tax evasion. Garak was frequently at odds with Gul Dukat, the station's former commander. This was due to the fact that, as a member of the Obsidian Order, Garak was responsible for the execution of Dukat's father. After the Federation started administering the station, Garak struck up a friendship with Dr. Julian Bashir. While his exact motives for choosing Bashir are unknown, it is known that Garak wanted a Federation officer with whom he could regularly exchange "back channel" information with the Federation while keeping in communication with his contacts in the Cardassian Empire. Captain Sisko encouraged Bashir to pursue the relationship, although warning Bashir that Garak was probably not to be trusted. Bashir was most likely chosen because of his naïveté, intelligence, and trusting nature. However, despite the nature of their clandestine relationship, Garak and Bashir grew to be good friends despite their cultural and personality differences.

The Dominion War

Garak provided essential intelligence on Cardassia to the Federation during the Dominion War. His unique abilities can be said to have influenced the outcome of the war in the episode "In the Pale Moonlight" by getting the Romulans to abandon their neutrality and fight alongside the Federation by making his assassination of a pro-Dominion senator look like the work of the Cardassians. He also assisted the Federation victory at the Chintoka system in the episode "Tears of the Prophets". The extensive help given to the Federation against his own people led to his mental breakdown, though he believed he was ultimately helping Cardassia by assisting the Federation in defeating the Dominion. He later directly participated in fomenting an anti-Dominion revolution on Cardassia alongside Kira and Damar. Despite the efforts of Gul Dukat, Garak pursued a relationship with Dukat's daughter Tora Ziyal when she sought refuge on DS9 after her rescue from the Breen. When they were separated during the Dominion occupation of DS9, they realized they loved each other. Ziyal's eventual rejection of her father's wishes led to her death at the hands of Dukat's aide Corat Damar when the Federation was on the verge of re-occupying the station.

Post-War Involvement

The Federation-led alliance won the war and Garak returned to his people. What was supposed to be his moment of triumph turned into a pyrrhic victory given the death of 1 billion Cardassians and the destruction of much of Cardassia Prime's infrastructure. Garak has since assisted in the rebuilding and recovery of Cardassia, while also supporting democratic reforms for its government. He believes that the Dominion War and destruction of Cardassia was partially caused by its military-led government. The post-war Garak is a wholly different person in this respect, given his extensive ties to the military. The Deep Space Nine novel A Stitch In Time, written by Robinson, is supposedly Garak's memoir, and gives a great deal of information about his past and current circumstances. While the novels are not officially considered part of the Star Trek canon, this book can, given its author, be considered a fairly definitive portrait of the character. As such, much of this information was obtained from his book.

Memorable quotes

From "Past Prologue"
Doctor Julian Bashir: You're Mister Garak, aren't you?
Garak: No, please, just plain, simple, Garak.
From "Profit and Loss"
Bashir: Assuming you're not a spy...
Garak: Assuming?
Bashir: ...Then you might be an outcast.
Garak: Or maybe I'm an outcast spy.
Bashir: How could you be both?
Garak: I never said I was either.
From "The Way of the Warrior" Garak (Shooting attacking Klingons with phaser): I find this hand to hand combat really quite distasteful.
Dukat (Fighting two Klingons with bat'leth): I suppose you would prefer the simplicity of an interrogation chamber.
Garak: You have to admit, it's much more civilized!
From "By Inferno's Light"
Garak: I only wish I were still a member of the Obsidian Order. This would make a wonderful interrogation chamber. Tight quarters, no air, bad lighting, random electric shocks, it's perfect.
From "Purgatory's Shadow"
Garak: Lying is a skill like any other, and if you want to maintain a level of excellence, you have to practice constantly.

Appearances

Garak appeared in the following episodes: Season 1
- Past Prologue Season 2
- Cardassians
- Profit and Loss
- The Wire
- Crossover Season 3
- The Search, part II
- Second Skin
- Civil Defense
- Distant Voices
- Through the Looking Glass
- Improbable Cause
- The Die Is Cast Season 4
- The Way of the Warrior, part I
- The Way of the Warrior, part II
- Our Man Bashir
- Shattered Mirror
- For the Cause
- Body Parts
- Broken Link Season 5
- Things Past
- In Purgatory's Shadow
- By Inferno's Light
- Empok Nor
- Call to Arms Season 6
- A Time to Stand
- Rocks and Shoals
- Favor the Bold
- Sacrifice of Angels
- In the Pale Moonlight
- Tears of the Prophets Season 7
- Afterimage
- The Emperor's New Cloak
- Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges
- When it Rains...
- Tacking into the Wind
- Extreme Measures
- The Dogs of War
- What You Leave Behind, part I
- What You Leave Behind, part II

External link

-
- A list of 10 [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/specials/article/1664.html "Great Garak Episodes"] at [http://www.startrek.com StarTrek.com]
- A brief [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/library/characters/DS9/bio/1071389.html Elim Garak Biography] at [http://www.startrek.com StarTrek.com] Category:Cardassian characters Category:Fictional secret agents and spies Category:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine characters

Aesop's Fables

Aesop's Fables or Aesopica refers to a collection of fables credited to Aesop (circa 620 BC – 560 BC), a slave and story-teller living in Ancient Greece. Aesop's Fables has also become a blanket term for collections of brief fables, usually involving personified animals. The fables remain a popular choice for moral education of children today. Many stories included in Aesop's Fables, such as The Fox and the Grapes (from which the idiom "sour grapes" was derived), The Tortoise and the Hare and The Boy Who Cried Wolf, are well-known throughout the world.

Aesop

The Boy Who Cried Wolf in Rome showing him as an ugly and misshapen man.]] Aesop (from the Greek Aisopos), famous for his fables, was arguably a slave of African descent who had lived from about 620 to 560 B.C. in Ancient Greece. Little was known about him from credible records, except that he was at one point freed from slavery and that he eventually died in the hands of Delphians. In fact, the obscurity shrouding his life has led some scholars to deny his existence altogether.

Origins

According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the fables were invented by a slave named Aesop who lived in Ancient Greece during the 6th century BC. While some suggested that Aesop did not actually exist, and that the fables attributed to him are folktales of unknown origins, Aesop was indeed mentioned in several other Ancient Greek works – Aristophanes, in his comedy The Wasps, represented the protagonist Philocleon as having learnt the "absurdities" of Aesop from conversation at banquets; Plato wrote in Phaedo that Socrates whiled away his jail time turning some of Aesop's fables "which he knew" into verses; and Demetrius of Phalerum compiled the fables into a set of ten books (Lopson Aisopeion sunagogai) for the use of orators, which had been lost. There was also an edition in elegiac verse by an anonymous author, which was often cited in the Suda. The first extensive translation of Aesop into Latin was done by Phaedrus, a freedman of Augustus in this first century AD, although at least one fable had already been translated by the poet Ennius. Avianus also translated forty two of the fables into Latin elegiacs, probably in the 4th century AD. The collection under the name of Aesop's Fables evolved from the late Greek version of Babrius, who turned them into choliambic verses, at an uncertain time between 3rd century BC and 3rd century AD. In about 100 BC, Indian philosopher Syntipas translated Babrius into Syriac, from where Andreopulos translated back to Greek, since original Greek scripts had all been lost. In the 9th century, Ignatius Diaconus, created a version of fifty-five fables in choliambic tetrameters, into which stories from Oriental sources were added. From these collections the 14th-century monk Maximus Planudes compiled the collection which has come down under the name of Aesop. In 1484, William Caxton, the first printer of books in English, printed a version of Aesop's Fables, which was brought up to date by Sir Roger L'Estrange in 1692. An example of the fables in Caxton's collection follows: :Men ought not to leue that thynge whiche is sure & certayne / for hope to haue the vncertayn / as to vs reherceth this fable of a fyssher whiche with his lyne toke a lytyll fysshe whiche sayd to hym / My frend I pray the / doo to me none euylle / ne putte me not to dethe / For now I am nought / for to be eten / but whanne I shalle be grete / yf thow come ageyne hyther / of me shalt thow mowe haue grete auaylle / For thenne I shalle goo with the a good whyle / And the Fyssher sayd to the fysshe Syn I hold the now / thou shalt not scape fro me / For grete foly hit were to me for to seke the here another tyme. The most reproduced modern English translations were made by Rev. George Fyler Townsend (1814 – 1900). Ben E. Perry, the editor of Aesopic fables of Babrius and Phaedrus for the Loeb Classical Library, compiled a numbered index by type. The edition by Olivia Temple and Robert Temple, titled The Complete Fables by Aesop, is presented as the most complete, unexpurgated version, though more fables are available in the Loeb Classical Library volumes.

Aesop's Fables in other languages

- Towards the end of the 17th century, the French poet Jean de la Fontaine recasted the fables into French verses.
- At around 1800, The fables were adapted and translated into Russian by the Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov.
- The first translation of Aesop's Fables into Chinese were done in 1625. It included thirty-one fables conveyed orally by a Belgian Jesuit missionary to China named Nicolas Trigault and penned down by a Chinese academic named Zhang Geng. In modern days, various translations have also been made by Zhou Zuoren and others.

Adaptations

- Jean de la Fontaine, the French poet, took his inspiration from the Aesop's Fables to write his Fables Choisies (1668).
- American cartoonist, Paul Terry began his own series of cartoons called Aesop's Film Fables in 1921. In 1928, the Van Beuren Studio took hold of the series. It ended in 1933.
- Brazilian dramatist Guilherme Figueiredo wrote a play The Fox and the Grapes (A raposa e as uvas) (1953) about Aesop's life. It was staged many times in the world's best theaters.
- The Smothers Brothers, an American musical-comedy team, released a comedy album titled Aesop's Fables The Smothers Brothers Way in 1965. Seven of Aesop's more famous fables and morals are related in the album.

List of some fables by Aesop

1965 propaganda poster to allude to German treachery in Operation Barbarossa.]] Aesop's most famous fables include:
- The Ant and the Grasshopper
- The Boy Who Cried Wolf
- The Dog and the Bone
- The Fox and the Crow
- The Fox and the Grapes
- The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs
- The Lion and the Mouse
- The North Wind and the Sun
- The Tortoise and the Hare
- The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse
- The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing
- The Frogs Who Desired a King
- The Frog and the Ox
- The Crow and the Pitcher

Sources

- Caxton, John, 1484. The history and fables of Aesop, Westminster. Modern reprint edited by Robert T. Lenaghan (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1967).
- [http://www.bartleby.com/39/7.html Caxton's famous Epilogue]
- Bentley, Richard, 1697. Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris... and the Fables of Æsop. London.
- Jacobs, Joseph, 1889. The Fables of Aesop: Selected, Told Anew, and Their History Traced, as first printed by William Caxton, 1484, from his French translation
- [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aesop/a3j/a3j_hist.html i. A short history of the Aesopic fable]
- ii. The Fables of Aesop
- Handford, S. A., 1954. Fables of Aesop. New York: Penguin.
- Perry, Ben E. (editor), 1965. Babrius and Phaedrus, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965. English translations of 143 Greek verse fables by Babrius, 126 Latin verse fables by Phaedrus, 328 Greek fables not extant in Babrius, and 128 Latin fables not extant in Phaedrus (including some medieval materials) for a total of 725 fables.
- Temple, Olivia and Robert (translators), 1998. Aesop, The Complete Fables, New York: Penguin Classics. (ISBN 0-14-044649-4)
- [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1998/98.5.16.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review, with Aesop bibliography]

External links

- [http://www.aesopfables.com/ An online collection of over 650 fables attributed to Aesop]
- [http://www.elook.org/literature/aesop/fables/ Aesop's Fables - Collection of over 500 fables]
- [http://www.mythfolklore.net/aesopica/index.htm Laura Gibbs, Aesopica on-line]: using Perry's typological index, with a content index as well.
- [http://www.pacificnet.net/~johnr/aesop/aesop1.html Aesop's Fables] See also [http://www.pacificnet.net/~johnr/cgi/aesop1.cgi?1&Preface Preface to Aesop's Fables]
- [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/21 Aesop's Fables] translated by George Fyler Townsend at Project Gutenberg. Category:Fables ko:이솝 우화 ja:イソップ寓話

False alarm

:For more generic meaning, see False positive. A false alarm is the phony report of an emergency, bringing resources (such as fire engines) to a place that it is not needed, and/or causing unnecessary panic. Over time, enough false alarms in a certain area will cause its inhabitants to start to ignore it, knowing that each time it will always likely be a fake. The concept of this can be traced as far back as the story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf, where excessive times of the boy yelling "wolf" caused the townspeople to ignore his cries when a real wolf came. In addition, false alarms have the potential of diverting emergency responders away from legitimate emergencies, which could ultimately lead to loss of life. In industrial alarm management, a false alarm refers to an alarm with little information content that can usually safely be eliminated. One tragic example of the consequences of continued false alarms was at Boland Hall at Seton Hall University on January 19, 2000. Months of false alarms caused many students to start ignoring the fire alarms. But one night, an actual fire broke out, and three students who ignored the alarms died, with many more suffering injuries. False alarms could also refer to situations where one becomes startled about something that isn't true.

Cassandra

] In Greek mythology, Cassandra ("she who entangles men") (also known as Alexandra) was a daughter of King Priam of Troy and his queen Hecuba, who captured the eye of Apollo and so was given the ability to see the future. However, when she did not return his love, he placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions. Thus Cassandra foresees the destruction of Troy (she warns the Trojans about the Trojan Horse, the death of Agamemnon, and her own demise), but is unable to do anything about them. Coroebus and Othronus came to the aid of Troy out of love for Cassandra. Cassandra was the first to see the body of her brother Hector being brought back to the city. After the Trojan War and after being raped by Ajax, Cassandra is taken as a concubine and sex slave by King Agamemnon of Mycenae. Unbeknownst to Agamemnon, while he was away at war, his wife, Clytemnestra, had begun an affair with Aegisthus. Upon Agamemnon and Cassandra's arrival in Mycenae, Clytemnestra asked her husband to walk across a purple carpet; he initially refused then gave in and entered, not believing Cassandra's warnings. Clytemnestra and Aegisthus then murdered Agamemnon, and then Cassandra. Some information says that Cassandra and Agamemnon have twin boys Teledamus and Pelops, who are killed by Aegisthus. Homer. Iliad XXIV, 697-706; Homer. Odyssey XI, 405-434; Aeschylus. Agamemnon; Euripides. Trojan Women; Euripides. Electra; Apollodorus. Bibliotheke III, xii, 5; Apollodorus. Epitome V, 17-22; VI, 23; Virgil. Aeneid II, 246-49. In more modern literature, Cassandra has served as a very popular subject for tragedy and romance. In the Bible, the Prophet Jonah is the exact reverse of Cassandra: His prophecy is believed by everyone, but does not come true because the Ninevites repented, and thus God chose not to implement the judgement that the prophecy was about, as Jonah had feared. The fictional character Dr. Kathryn Railly, from the film Twelve Monkeys is an expert on people who suffer from Cassandra Syndrome - the belief in one's knowledge of the future but not having the power to do anything about it. Category:Greek mythological people ja:カッサンドラ

Stephan Pastis

Stephan Pastis (born January 16, 1968) is the creator of the comic strip Pearls Before Swine. He was raised in San Marino, California. He attended the University of California at Berkeley and UCLA Law School. Before working as a cartoonist he was a lawyer, practicing insurance law. He lives in Northern California with his wife and children. Pastis won the National Cartoonists Society best newspaper comic strip award for 2003. One of his favorite painters is Edward Hopper. Influences can be seen in the October 13, 2002 Sunday Pearls Before Swine strip which is based on the painting Rooms by the Sea, and the cover of the comic strip collection Nighthogs which is based on the painting Nighthawks.

External links

- [http://www.unitedmedia.com/comics/pearls/html/about_author.html Biography from the official Pearls Before Swine website]
- [http://www.reuben.org/ncs/members/biogs/pastis.asp Short bio] (with picture) at The National Cartoonists Society Pastis, Stephan Pastis, Stephan

The Wolf who cries Boy

The Wolf who cries Boy is a character created by cartoonist Stephan Pastis as a Bizarro version of The Boy who cried Wolf. He first appeared in an episode of Pearls before Swine on August 6 2005.

Category:English phrases

Phrases Category:Phrases

Ormond Beach, FL

Ormond Beach, Florida

systemy zarz�dzania gu Links hotels Vienna Biuro Rachunkowe Kielce Barcellona hotel

:: RELATED NEWS ::

Istamboul
İstanbul, préfecture de la province éponyme, est la plus grande ville de Turquie avec 11 322 000 habitants (bureau du recensement, 2005). Située à cheval sur l'Europe et l'Asie, de part et d'autre du détroit du Bosphore, elle est généralement considérée comme européenne. Elle est au centre de l'une des plus

Généralités

Une pile à combustible est une pile où la fabrication de l'électricité se fait grâce à l'oxydation sur une électrode d'un combustible r�

Orobanche
Les orobanches sont des plantes herbacées parasites sans chlorophylle de la famille des Orobanchacées. elles se présentent sous la forme d'une tige dressée, généralement non ramifiée, aux feuilles en forme d'écailles.

Principales espèces

- Orobanche alba
- Orobanche alsatica
- Orobanche amethystea
- Orobanche arenaria
- Orobanche cernua

Norme ultramétrique
catégorie:Topologie En mathématiques, une norme ultramétrique, aussi appelée non-archimédienne est une norme qui vérifie une condition plus forte que l'inégalité triangulaire, à savoir : :

\|a+b\| \leq \max(\|a\|,\|b\|)

Cette condition se généralise aisément par

Surdité
ja:ろう者 Une personne est sourde quand elle n'est pas capable d'entendre. On parle aussi souvent de personnes malentendantes pour qualifier une surdité partielle.

Définition

La classification des surdités

; Surdité de transmission La surdité est qualifiée de transmission quand l'oreille externe ou l'oreille moyenne est touchée, et que l'oreille interne est intacte. Parmi les principaux problèmes qui entraînent fréquemment des surdités de transmission, notons :
- le man

Calendrier pataphysique
Catégorie:Pataphysique Pataphysique Le calendrier pataphysique a été inspiré par Alfred Jarry, écrivain, inventeur de la ’pataphysique et créateur de héros comme le Père Ubu ou le Docteur Faustroll

Télécarte
ja:テレホンカード Catégorie:Téléphonie La télécarte est un dispositif de prépaiement de télécommunications basé sur une carte en plastique pouvant tenir dans un porte-feuille. Elle est apparue à la fin des années 1970, pour proposer une alternative au paiement en espèce dans les cabines téléphoniques publiques. Elle a été émise par des opér

Sourd
ja:ろう者 Une personne est sourde quand elle n'est pas capable d'entendre. On parle aussi souvent de personnes malentendantes pour qualifier une surdité partielle.

Définition

La classification des surdités

Théophile de Viau
Théophile de Viau (né entre mars et mai 1590 à Clairac-en-Agenois–mort le 25 septembre 1626) Poète et écrivain français, il est connu pour ses poèmes licencieux et son athéisme. Sa tragédie Pyrame et Thisbé est restée involontairement célèbre pour contenir l'expression « il en rougit,

Wessex
Catégorie:Ancien pays d'Europe Catégorie:Royaumes anglo-saxons Le Wessex est un royaume anglo-saxon qui couvre la côte sud de l'Angleterre. Ses souverains conquirent les autres royaumes anglo-saxons (Mercie, Est-Anglie, etc.) pour devenir rois de toute